هارمونیکها در سیستم قدرت و اثرات آنها روی تجهیزات شبکه
نوشته شده توسط:اشکان کریوند در مهندسی برق قدرت » تلفات در سیستمها | ۱۶ مهر ۱۳۹۵ - ۱۳:۴۳ | ۱۱۳۸ دیدگاهامروزه واژه هارمونیک و هارمونیکها در رابطه با مسایل سیستم قدرت کاربرد زیادی دارند. جهت درک بهتر از این واژهها, ابتدا به پارهای از مفاهیم مربوط به هارمونیکهای سیستم قدرت پرداخته میشود. اساساً هرموج تناوبی میتواند به وسیله مجموعهای از امواج سینوسی توصیف شود که این مجموعه به نام سری فوریه معروف است. فرکانس هر یک از امواج سینوسی این مجموعه، ضریب صحیحی از فرکانس موج متناوبی اولیه (اصلی) است هر جمله این سری به عنوان مضربی از فرکانس اصلی است هر جملهای که فرکانس آن همان فرکانس اصلی است
هارمونیک اول نامیده میشود جملهایکه فرکانس آن دو برابر فرکانس اصلی است هارمونیک دوم نامیده میشود و بقیه نیز به همین صورت نامگذاری میشوند. در بررسیهای عمومی سیستم قدرت معمولا تنها از فرکانس اصلی استفاده میشود و مفاهیم ریاضی فازی و اعداد مختلط در پخش بار و محاسبات ولتاژ براساس فرض وجود یک فرکانس بکاربرده میشود. در نتیجه استفاده از امواج تناوبی غیر سینوسی بصورت مستقیم ممکن است کار درستی نباشد.
امواج متقارن تنها دارای هارمونیکهای فرد هستند. درحالیکه امواج غیر متقارن علاوه بر هارمونیکهای فرد دارای هارمونیکهای زوج هستند. امواج ممکن است متوسطی غیر از صفر داشته باشند در اینگونه موارد در مجموعه سری فوریه یک موج (جمله) سینوسی با فرکانس صفر وجود دارد که در مفهوم مهندسی برق نشان دهنده مولفه جریان مستقیم (DC) موج است.
بیشتر وسایل و تجهیزات سیستم قدرت متقارن هستند و در نتیجه در حالت مانا تنها هارمونیکهای فرد بدون مولفه DC تولید میشود. تقارن در اینجا به این معناست که وقتی جریان از یک وسیله خارج میشود همان مشخصه را میبیند که در زمان ورود به وسیله حس کرده است یا به عبارت دیگر پاسخ وسیله به جریانهای مثبت و منفی یکسان است. البته موارد استثنایی هم در سیستم قدرت وجود دارد. فرضا یکسو کنندههای نیم موج جریانهای نامتقارن تولید میکنند که هم دارای هارمونیکهای زوج و هم مولفه DC است. یکسوکنندههای تمام موج و اینورترهای قدرت نیز چنانچه قسمت مثبت و منفی موج تولیدی آنها دقیقا یکسان نباشد ایجاد هارمونیکهای زوج میکند.
تجهیزاتی که براساس تخلیه الکتریکی و یا ایجاد جرقه کار میکنند ممکن است به علت صحیح نبودن زمان جرقه زدن آنها تولید هارمونیک زوج کنند. این مورد در کورههای قوس درزمان ذوب کردن آهنهای قراضه پیش میآیند.
موج مربعی یک از شکلهایی است که در بررسی و مطالعات هارمونی ایجاد میشود. فرمول (1) در بررسیها جریان و یا ولتاژ آنها را میتوان دقیقا بصورت یک موج مربعی در نظر گرفت.
ملاحظه می شود که در سری فوق هارمونیک زوج و مولفه DC وجود ندارد و دامنه هارمونیک سوم ثلث دامنه اصلی و ... است.
در بیشتر محاسبات و بررسیهای سیستم قدرت از مقدار rms موجهای جریان ولتاژ استفاده میشود. برای یک موج سینوسی مقدار موثر درصد مقدار پیک موج است.
هارمونیکها در دهه 1920 و اواخر دهه 1930 زمانیکه شکل موجهای ولتاژ و جریان تغییر شکل یافته در خطوط انتقال مشاهده شدند تشخیص داده شدند. در آن هنگام موضوع اصلی تاثیر هارمونیکها در ماشینهای سنکرون و القایی سیمهای ارتباطی (تلفن) و خازنهای قدرت بودند.
نتیجه بعضی از تحقیقات آن زمانها در مورد یک خط انتقال 220 کیلوولت به طول 400 کیلومتر و یک موتور القایی به شرح زیر بوده است:
- چنانچه ولتاژ ابتدای خط حاوی 7% هارمونیک سوم باشد ولتاژ انتهای خط حاوی 53% هارمونیک سوم (حالت بیباری) خواهد بود.
- هارمونیک سوم در انتهای خط در بار کامل از53% به 29% کاهش پیدا میکند.
- درصورت وجود هارمونیک ضریب قدرت در طرف ژنراتور خط انتقال برابر 848/0 است (در حالیکه بدون وجود هارمونیک ضریب قدرت برابر 96/0 است).
- در طرف مصرف کننده خط انتقال وقتی ولتاژ دارای هارمونیک است ضریب قدرت برابر 83/0 است در صورتیکه توسط دستگاه اندازه گیری 75/0 اندازهگیری میشود.
- برای یک موتور القایی که در سال 1930 ساخته شده هارمونیکها باعث
لرزش و سروصدای زیادی شدهاند. اندازهگیریهای توان ورودی و کیفیت توان آنها تغییر می کنند و همچنین جریانهای روتور نیز به خاطر مقادیر مختلف هارمونیک های موجود متفاوت هستند.
- مسائل فوق در دهه 1930 وجود داشتهاند ممکن است امروزه هم وجود داشته باشند عکسالعمل سازندگان در برابر هارمونیکها ساختن تجهیزاتی بوده است تا تحمل هارمونیکهای بیشتر و کاهش اثرات متقابل را داشته باشند. همچنین هارمونیکها کاهش داده شده و گاهی از طریق نوع اتصالات ترانسفورماتور حذف شدهاند. البته نوع اتصالات ترانسفورماتور هارمونیک مولفه صفر را کاهش میدهد و به عنوان فیلتر در مسیر عمل می کند و در نتیجه بار سیستم قدرت را محافظت میکند اگر چه جریانهای چرخشی در اتصال مثلث افزایش پیدا می کند.
- معذالک به نظر میرسد که هارمونیکها دوباره یک مساله جدی شدهاند و به عنوان یک عامل خسارت زننده به مصرفکنندگان و شبکه قدرت مطرح شدهاند. امروزه مساله هارمونیکهای سیستم قدرت را میتوان در عوامل زیادی جستجو کرد.
- در نتیجه تکنولوژی جدید بارهای غیرخطی نظیر سازهای کنترل شده تریستوری (SCR) و ترانسفورماتورهای قدرت و کنترلکنندههای میکروپروسسوری در سیستم تولید بار حاوی هارمونیک میکنند .
- در گذشته تجهیزات بر اساس ضریب اطمینان بزرگ و بالاتر از ظرفیت مورد نیاز طراحی نمیشدهاند. ولی در حال حاضر رقابت شدیدی بین سازندگان دستگاههای قدرت تجهیزات دقیقتر طراحی شده و براساس ظرفیت خواسته شده هستند. فرضا تجهیزاتی که هسته آهنی دارند نقطه کار آنها بیشتر در ناحیه غیرخطی هستند عملکردن آنها در این ناحیه باعث افزایش سریع هارمونیکها میشوند .
- مخربترین فرکانس برای دستگاههای قدرت و ماشینها محدوده فرکانسهایی که کوچکتر میشوند است.
- امروزه استفاده از بارهای غیرخطی متصل به سیستمهای قدرت که شامل کانورترهای توان ثابت؛ وسایل تخلیه قوس الکتریکی؛ وسایل اشباع شده مغناطیسی وبا یک درجه کمتر ماشینهای گردان؛ بسیار رایج شده است.
- کانورترهای توان ثابت; بزرگترین بارهای غیرخطی در صنعت برق به شمار می آیند و در صنعت برای اهداف مختلفی استفاده میشوند؛ مثلا به عنوان منبع قدرت الکتروشیمیایی؛ به عنوان وسایل اصلاح سریع و منابع قدرت متناوب. این وسایل به این دلیل خیلی مفید هستند که میتوانند امواج را به صورت ac-ac , dc-dc , dc-ac , ac-dc تبدیل کنند .
- بارهای غیر خطی : جریان AC سینوسی را تغییر می دهند به همین دلیل این بارها با جاری شدن هارمونیکهای جریان ناشی از آنها در سیستم قدرت ac باعث تداخل این هارمونیکهای جریان با مدارهای ارتباطی و ابزار دیگر میشود. در موقع جبران توان راکتیو (به شکل اصلاح ضریب قدرت در خازنها ) همراه با این بارهای غیرخطی شرایط تشدید پیش میآید و ممکن است به اعوجاج هارمونیکهای ولتاژ و جریان سطح بالا در پدیدار شدن شرایط تشدید به همراه یک هارمونیک حاصل از بار غیرخطی منجر شود.
هدف
هدف از این تحقیق توصیه های عملی برای طراحی سیستمهای برقی که هم شامل بارهای خطی وهم بارهای غیرخطی باشد است. شکل موج ولتاژ و جریان در سراسر سیستم شناخته میشوند و حد شکل موج اعوجاج برای طراحی سیستم تعیین میشود . با رعایت این اصول تداخل بین دو وسیله برقی به حداقل خواهد رسید. این تحقیق محدوده حالت پایدار را نشان میدهد درصورتیکه شرایط گذرا ممکن است بی نهایت از این محدوده تجاوز کند .
کاربرد :
این نوشته برای راهنمایی در طراحی سیستمهای قدرت با بارهای غیر خطی است و محدودیتها برای حالت پایدار تعیین و برای شرایط وخیم و ناجور اصلاح میشوند ولی شرایط گذرا که ممکن است بینهایت از این محدوده تجاوز کند به دلیل کوتاه بودن زمان بروز آن در نظر گرفته نمی شود.
منابع تولید هارمونیک در سیستمهای قدرت
علت ایجاد هارمونیکها وجود عناصر غیرخطی در سیستم قدرت است . عناصر غیرخطی جزئی از مدار الکتریکی است که در آن ولتاژ متناسب با جریان نیست.
به عنوان مثال راکتور یک جزء خطی نیست یعنی اگر که یک ولتاژ مشخص به دو سر آن اعمال شود یک جریان نامعینی اندازهگیری خواهد شد که البته لزومی ندارد که این جریان دارای همان شکل موج ولتاژ باشد. در هر حال اگر ولتاژ دو برابر شود جریان نیز در عنصر خطی دو برابر خواهد شد.
لازم به ذکر است که غیرخطی بودن نباید با وابستگی به فرکانس اشتباه شود به عنوان مثال امپدانس خط انتقال با تغییر فرکانس تغییر میکند ولی این امپدانس در هر فرکانس یک المان خطی است و وابستگی فرکانس باعث انحراف شکل موج نمیشود. در یک سیستم قدرت تقریبا کلیه امپدانسهای سری خطی هستند . این امپدانسها اغلب امپدانس خطوط کابلها و ترانسفورماتور هستند . عناصر غیرخطی عموما بصورت موازی به شبکه قدرت متصل هستند .
در مورد ترانسها مساله کمی فرق می کند. زیرا هر دو مشخصه خطی و غیرخطی را دارا هستند امپدانس اتصال کوتاه ترانس که بصورت سری در مدار قرار میگیرد خطی است درحالیکه امپدانس مغناطیسکننده که بصورت موازی در مدار قرار میگیرد غیرخطی است .
گرچه ژنراتورها تولید هارمونیک می کنند ولی به علت کم بودن مقدار هارمونیکهای تولیدی ازلیست منابع تولید هارمونیک حذف می شوند.
بیشترین تولید هارمونیک در سیستم قدرت به علت وجود بارهای غیرخطی و یا تجهیزاتی است که در آنها قطع و وصل مکرر و سریع انجام می شود.
سه دسته عنصر غیرخطی در سیستم قدرت وجود دارد:
1) وسایل فرو مغناطیسی
2) مبدلهای قدرت الکترونیکی
3) تجهیزات تخلیهای
وسایل فرومغناطیس :
این دسته وسایلی هستند که براساس وجود یک سیم پیچ دور یک هسته آهنی ساخته می شوند . ترانسها و موتورها عمومیترین وسایل از این نوع هستند که در سیستم قدرت وجود دارند. خاصیت مغناطیسی موتورها بخاطر فاصله هوایی خطی تراز خاصیت مغناطیسی ترانسهاست. ولتاژ سینوسی در ترانس ایجاد شار مغناطیسی سینوسی می کند ولی جریان مغناطیسی غیرسینوسی است. این جریان حاوی هارمونیک سوم به مقدار حدود
50 % جریان اصلی است. میزان هارمونیک پنجم در آن 20% و هفتم 5% و نهم 6/2% است. برای کاهش مقدار هارمونیکها با مضرب سه در سیستمهای سه فاز از نوع اتصال مثلث بسته استفاده میشود ولی باز هم هارمونیکهای هفتم و پنجم باقی خواهد ماند.
خوشبختانه جریان تحریک فقط 5/0 تا 1 درصد میزان جریان نامی ترانسفورماتورها است . در نتیجه هارمونیکهای ایجاد شده توسط ترانسفورماتورها معمولا مشکلی در سیستم قدرت بوجود نمی آورند مگر اینکه در سیستم قدرت یک هارمونیک مشخص به نوسان درآید ولی با توجه به تعداد زیاد ترانسفورماتورها در سیستم قدرت و به خصوص اینکه تعداد زیادی از آنها بار کمی دارند. هارمونیک تولید آنها در شبکه به مقدار قابل توجهی نیست. مقدار جریان تحریک ترانسفورماتور و همچنین مقدار هارمونیکهای آنها وابستگی زیادی به اندازه ولتاژ اعمالی دارد . وقتی ولتاژ افزایش مییابد هسته مغناطیسی بیشتر اشباع شده و جریان مغناطیسی افزایش مییابد در نتیجه تعداد هارمونیکها نیز افزایش مییابد. این مورد معمولا درزمان کم باری ترانسفورماتورها پیش میآید.
اثرات هارمونیکها -- به طور عمومی:
درجه ایکه هارمونیکها می توانند قابل تحمل باشند،بوسیله حساسیت بار(یا منبع ) نسبت به آنها تعیین میشود. کمترین حساسیت از آن وسیلهای است که به طور عمده تابع گرماست، به عنوان مثال در یک کوره یا اجاق. در این مورد انرژی هارمونیک عموماً مورد استفاده است و از اینرو به طور کامل قابل تحمل است. حساسترین وسایل آنهایی است که در طراحی و ساخت آن، ورودی اصلی کاملاً (نزدیک به) سینوسی فرض میشود. این ابزار غالباً در دسته وسایل ارتباطی یا ابزار پردازش اطلاعات قرار میگیرد. یک نوع بار که به طور نرمال بین این دو ابزار قرار میگیرد، بار موتوری است. اکثر بارهای موتوری در برابر هارمونیکها، نسبتاً پرتحمل هستند.
حتی در مورد ابزار با کمترین حساسیت، هارمونیکهایی میتواند مضر باشد. برای مثال در مورد اجاق، میتواند باعث دیالکتریک (مانع عبور جریان )گرمایی یا فشار ولتاژ شود،که باعث کهنگی زودرس عایق الکتریکی شود.
اثر هارمونیک برروی موتورها و ژنراتورها(ماشینهای گردان)
یک اثر عمده هارمونیکهای ولتاژ و جریان در ماشینهای القایی وسنکرون گردان افزایش گرمای وابسته به تلفات اهمی و تلفات مس در فرکانسهای هارمونیکی است. به این ترتیب اجزاء هارمونیکی بر بازده ماشین تاثیر دارند و میتوانند بر گشتاور ایجاد شده نیز موثر باشند. این تلفات به دلیل اثر پوستی و جریانهای عادی بزرگ است.
نشت میدان در استاتور و روتور سیمبندی شده بوسیله هارمونیکهای جریان بوجود میآید که باعث افزایش تلفات میشود .
هارمونیکهای جریان در یک موتور باعث نشر نویز شنیدنی(سروصدا) بیشتری نسبت به القا سینوسی میشود. همچنین هارمونیکها یک شار برآیند توزیع شده در فاصله هوایی را تولید میکنند که میتوانند باعث ایجاد یا افزایش پدیدهای شود که اتصال دندانهای (امتناع از استارت یکنواخت)یا خزش(لغزش خیلی بالا) در موتورهای القایی نامیده میشود جفت هارمونیکها نظیر هارمونیکهای پنجم و هفتم یک پتانسیلی برای خلق ارتعاشات مکانیکی در توربین ژنراتور یا در یک سیستم بار موتوری دارند.
ارتعاشات مکانیکی هنگامی پدید میآید که ارتعاش گشتاور که با عمل متقابل بین هارمونیکهای جریان و جریان فرکانس اصلی در میدان مغناطیسی پدید میآید یک فرکانس تشدید مکانیکی را القا میکند.
برای مثال هارمونیکهای پنجم و هفتم با تولید یک محرک پیچیده برروی روتور ژنراتور در فرکانس محرک الکتریکی باشد ارتعاش مکانیکی زیاد میشود .
جدول 5-1 مشخصه های هارمونیکها را که از یک کانورتر شش پالس و هنگام اتصال به ترمینالهای یک ماشینگردان گرفته شده است را نشان می دهد. هر هارمونیک ولتاژ (5,7,11,…) یک هارمونیک جریان مشابه را در استاتور ماشین القا خواهد کرد. هر کدام از این هارمونیکها یک جز ترتیبی مثبت یا منفی از کل جریان است. این جریان موجب ایجاد یک گرمای اضافی در استاتور سیمبندی شده خواهد شد. از اینرو دمای ماشین را افزایش خواهد داد. بحث دیگر جاری شدن هارمونیکهای جریان در رتور است. جاری شدن هارمونیک جریان در استاتور یک نیروی محرکه مغناطیسی در فاصله هوایی ایجاد خواهد کرد که جریانی را در رتور ماشین القا خواهد کرد. درست همانطوریکه هر مشخصه هارمونیکی میتواند با مولفه های ترتیبی مثبت و منفی تعریف شود جهت چرخش آن هارمونیک نسبت به چرخش روتور مستقیم یا معکوس خواهد کرد. هارمونیک پنجم در راستای چپگرد(ترتیب فاز منفی)می چرخد پس یک هارمونیک جریان در روتور به یک فرکانس برابر با اختلاف چرخش خالص بین فرکانس اصلی فاصله هوایی و هارمونیک پنجم یعنی یکی بیشتر از هارمونیک پنجم (هارمونیک ششم) القا خواهد شد.
هنگامیکه هارمونیک هفتم در راستای راستگرد میچرخد (ترتیب فاز مثبت) یک هارمونیک جریان در روتور با یک فرکانس برابر با اختلاف چرخش خالص بین هارمونیک هفتم و فرکانس اصلی فاصله هوایی یعنی یکی از هارمونیک هفتم (هارمونیک ششم) القا خواهد شد. پس از لحاظ گرمایی روتور و هارمونیکهای پنجم و هفتم در استاتور با تولید هارمونیک ششم جریان روتور ترکیب میشوند. هارمونیکهای یازدهم و سیزدهم به همان طریق با تولید هارمونیک دوازدهم جریان در روتور عمل میکند و جفت هارمونیکهای بالاتر نیز به همین ترتیب عمل میکنند.
دو نگرانی عمده در رابطه با این هارمونیکهای روتور وجود دارد که عبارتند از:
1) گرمای ناشی از روتور
2) به طپش درآوردن یا کاهش گشتاورها
مقدار گرمایی که روتور می تواند تحمل کند به نوع روتور بستگی دارد.
ماشین با روتور سیم بندی شده خیلی بیشتر از ماشین با روتور قفس سنجابی اثر میپذیرد و روتورهای قفس سنجابی ته دار بیشتر از روتورهای قفس سنجابی معمولی (دو طرف باز)اثر میپذیرد. جمع اثرات هارمونیکها باعث کاهش بازده و عمر ماشین گردان می شود . میزان این کاهش دربرخورد با هارمونیک مشخص نیست اما برای نمونه گرمای حاصل از هارمونیک ظرفیت موثر کار را به 90-95% از آنچه که دربکار بردن موج خالص اصلی باید بدست آید کاهش میدهد. همچنین هارمونیکها می توانند باعث به طپش درآوردن گشتاور و خروجی موتور به چنین تغییراتی حساس هستند مثلاً: در برخی ریسندگیها الیاف ترکیبی یا کارهای فلز کاری درمواردی که سختی قابل توجهی به شفت روتور کوپل میشود. مثلاً در موتور ژنراتور (یک موتور کوپل با ژنراتور): هارمونیکهای الکتریکی،ارتعاش بوجود میآورد. نتیجه این نوسانات مکانیکی میتواند باعث سائیدگی شفت و تسریع فرسودگی شفت و اتصال بخشهای مکانیکی شود.
برای نشان دادن اثر اعوجاج شکل موج بر روی تلفات توان کلینگسرن و جردن این کار را در مورد موتور 16 کیلو واتی انجام دادند که این کار دربازده کامل با فرکانس 60 HZ و در ولتاژ اصلی انجام شد. با یک منبع ولتاژ سینوسی کل تلفات برابر 1303 w است و با یک منبع ولتاژ مربعی کل تلفات برابر 1600 w است.
تلفاتی که به وسیله منابع هارمونیک برای ماشین با تغذیه اینورتری بوجود میآید در سیم پیچهای استاتور 4.2% بارهای روتور 4.02% قسمتهای دیگر 18.8% و شارنشتی 25.8% پخش می شود.
برای هر ماشین بکاربردن هارمونیک در حالتی بیش از اندازهای که باعث تلفات منجر به شکست شود نامناسب است اما واضح است که اجزای اصلی که تلفات در آنها بیشتر است در روتور قرار دارند.
برای یک سیستم خطی میانگین تلفات سطحی روتور حدوداً متناسب با I52 + I72 است. اما به دلیل مخالفتشان با چرخش روتور در برخی از نقاط حول محیط روتور چگالی تلفات آن نقطه با (I5+ I7)2 متناسب می شود .
علاوه بر تلفات توان تاثیر هارمونیکها بر ماشینهای AC می تواند خیلی جدی باشد توانایی ماشین دربرآمدن از عهده هارمونیکهای اضافی جریان به کل اضافه تلفات و تاثیرش روی دمای ماشین بستگی دارد.
در موتور عایقبندی شده سیم پیچ روتور محدودیت گرمایی بیشتری دارد.
نکته دیگر اینکه سطح قابل قبول منفی جریان متناوب برای ژنراتورها دارای محدودیت حدود 10% و برای ولتاژ حدود 2% است؛و اگر از این محدوده تجاوز کند مشکلاتی پدید خواهد آورد.
به دلیل اینکه لغزش در فرکانس هارمونیک تقریباً برابر یک است گشتاور هارمونیکی بوسیله مقادیر فعال هارمونیکهای جریان که خیلی کوچک هستند تولید می شود بعلاوه این گشتاورهای کوچک به صورت جفتهایی که تمایل به حذف هم دارند رخ می دهد. پس تاثیر هارمونیک ها بر گشتاور ناچیز است؛ در نتیجه در بیشتر موارد این گشتاور نادیده گرفته می شود. فقط نکته ای که حائز اهمیت است اینست که اگرچه گشتاورهای هارمونیکی تاثیر ناچیزی برروی گشتاور میانگین دارند(که از آن نظر صرفنظر میکنیم) ولی میتوانند گشتاور ضربانی قابل توجهی تولید کنند. ویلیام سن عبارت تقریبی زیر را برای گشتاور ضربانی بر پایه ولتاژ نامی بدست آورد که In+ و In- مقادیر پریونیت دارند؛(N+) هارمونیک (3k+1) ام را نشان میدهد. و (N-) هارمونیک (1-3k) را نشان می دهد. این عبارت امکان ارزیابی مقدماتی از مشکلات ناشی از لرزش شفت را فراهم می کند.
به عنوان یک منبع ولتاژ با اعوجاج 4% در ماشین جریانهای ؛ 0.03 و 0.02 پریونیت را برای هارمونیکهای پنجم و هفتم پدید میآورد. اگر هر دوی این هارمونیکها (پنجم و هفتم) زاویه فاز یکسان داشته باشد؛ برای ماشین با فرکانس 50Hz و در ولتاژ نامی گشتاور اجزاء مختلفی در فرکانس 300 Hz با دامنه0.01pu خواهد داشت و اگر هارمونیکها دارای فاز مخالف (180) نسبت به هم باشند دامنه برابر برابر 0.05 pu خواهد بود.
اثر هارمونیک بر ترانسفورماتورها:
به جز حالتی که هارمونیکها در ترانسفورماتور ممکن است به افزایش سروصدا منجر شود؛اثرات روی این اجزا در اثر بالا بردن پارازیت گرمایی آنهاست.
اثر هارمونیکها روی ترانسفورماتورها دو چندان است. هارمونیکهای جریان باعث افزایش تلفات مس و شار سرگردان میشود و هارمونیکهای ولتاژ باعث افزایش تلفات اهمی؛ تلفات هیسترزیس تلفات جریانهای گردابی و فشار عایقی میشود؛ این اثرات به دلیل اینکه در ترانسفورماتورها معمولاً؛ فیلتر استفاده نمیشود، مهمتر است. اثربزرگتر؛ افزایش گرمای غیرقابل قبول ترانسفورماتور است؛ به همین دلیل بدنه ترانسفورماتور را پرهپره میکنند.
یک اثر مهم مخصوصاً مربوط به توان ترانسفورماتورها گردشی جریانی سه برابر جریان ترتیبی صفر در سیم پیچ با اتصال مثلث است این جریانهای گردشی باعث میشود که مقدار جریانی که در طراحی سیمپیچ باید در نظر گرفته شود (جریان نای سیم پیچ)؛ کمتر از میزان واقعی در نظر گرفته شود.
مساله دیگری که برای ترانسفورماتور وجود دارد. تغذیه بار نامتقارن است؛ اگر جریان بار شامل یک جزء dc باشد؛ باعث اشباع میدان مغناطیسی ترانسفورماتور می شود که این امر باعث بالا رفتن سطح همه اجزا هارمونیک جریان القایی ac می شود .
ضریب محدودیت اعوجاج جریان برابر 5% میزان جریان است. همچنین ماکزیمم اضافه ولتاژ rms را که ترانسفورماتور باید در حالت پایدار بتواند تحمل کند عبارتست از5% میزان بار و 10% در بیباری. هارمونیکهای جریان در ولتاژ بکار برده شده نباید به تجاوز کل ولتاژ rms از این میزان منجر شود.
همچنین باید به این نکته توجه شود که تلفات نشان بوسیله هارمونیکهای ولتاژ و جریان که تابع فرکانس هستند؛ پس از تلفات ناشی از هارمونیک های ولتاژ و جریان با افزایش فرکانس؛ افزایش مییابد؛ پس هارمونیکهای با فرکانس بالاتر مهمتر از هارمونیکهای با فرکانس پایینتر در بوجودآوردن گرمای ترانسفورماتور است.
همچنین همانطورکه قبلاً بحث شد؛ عموماً هارمونیکهای با فرکانس بالاتر؛ دامنه کوچکتری دارند و در نتیجه راحتتر میتوان این اثر عمده آنها را با حذفشان که آسانتر قابل انجام است، از بین برد.
تلفات ترانسفورماتور به تلفات بار و تلفات بی باری تقسیم می شود. تلفات بار هم به دو دسته RI2 (تلفات سیم پیچ) و تلفات سرگردان تقسیم می شود .
تلفات سرگردان؛ هنگام ارزیابی کل گرمای ناشی از یک شکل موج غیر سینوسی جریان، دارای اهمیت خاصی هستند. تلفات سرگردان؛ تلفات جریان فوکو مربوط به شار سرگردان الکترومغناطیسی در سیم پیچها؛ هسته؛ کپه هسته عایقهای مغناطیسی و دیگر بخشهای ساختمان ترانسفورماتور هستند. این تلفات به نسبت مجذور فرکانس بالا خواهد رفت. درجه حرارت ترانسفورماتور که به دلیل جریانهای ادی بالا خواهد رفت؛ بازهم تقریباً متناسب با مجذور جریان بار و مجذور فرکانس است.
اثر هارمونیک بر کابلهای قدرت:
جاری شدن جریان غیر سینوسی در یک هادی؛ باعث افزایش گرما می شود که ناشی از میزان rms موج است. این وابسته به دو عامل شناخته شده است؛ یکی اثر پوستی و دیگر اثر نزدیکی است. که هر دو تابعی از فرکانس هستند. به عنوان یک نتیجه این دو اثر مقاومت موثر (Rac)AC که روی مقاومت DC (مخصوصاً برای هادیهای بزرگتر) بنا میشود؛ است. در فرکانسهای بالاتر؛ هارمونیکهای جریان جاری در کابل Rac بزرگتری ایجاد می کنند؛ در نتیجه تلفات RacI2 بالا می رود.
همچنین؛ هارمونیک جریان ایجاد هارمونیک ولتاژ می کند که برروی امپدانس های مختلف مدار ظاهر میشود که این به معنای ضعیف شدن سیستم است (با امپدانس بزرگ میزان خطا کاهش مییابد) که منجر به پارازیتهای بزرگتر ولتاژ از یک سیستم سخت می شود و در نتیجه سیستمی با خطای زیاد و امپدانس کمایجاد میکند.
اثر هارمونیک بر خازن:
نگرانی اصلی ناشی از استفاده خازنها در یک سیستم قدرت،امکان رزنانس سیستم است. این اثر ولتاژها و جریانها به طور قابل ملاحظه ای بالاتر از حالت بدون رزنانس هستند، تحمیل می کند.
راکتانس یک بانک خازنی با افزایش فرکانس کاهش می یابد و بنابراین به عنوان یک چاهی برای هارمونیک های بالاتر جریان عمل میکند. این اثر استرسهای گرمایی و دی الکتریک را افزایش میدهد.
زیاد سوئیچ کردن ترکیبات مغناطیسی غیرخطی(دارای هسته آهنی)نظیر ترانسفورماتور و راکتورها؛ هارمونیک های جریانی را تولید می کنند که با بار خازنها جمع خواهد شد.
IEEE std 18-1992 . محدودیت ولتاژ،جریان و توان راکتیو برای خازنهای قدرت را ارائه می دهد. این می تواند برای تعیین سطوح ماکزیمم مجاز هارمونیکها استفاده شود. افزایش گرما و استرس ولتاژ که به وسیله هارمونیک ها ایجاد شده؛ باعث کاهش عمر خازن میشود .
مساله دیگر اینکه؛ اثر تشدید منجربه معیوب شدن اجزایی می شود که با کاربرد سیگنال خطوط برای کنترل بار (کنترل رایپل) ارتباط دارد. در چنین سیستم هایی؛ فیلترهای متناسبی برای محافظت از فرکانس سیگنال از جذب شدن در عناصر امپدانس کوچکی مثل خازنهای اصلاح ضریب قدرت استفاده می شود. هر فیلتر معمولاً؛ تا 100 A طراحی میشود. اغلب فیلترها با ضعیف شدن خازنها در دو روز سازگاری دارند.
همچنین باید یادآوری شود که به جز خازنهای اصلاح ضریب قدرت؛ خازنهای دیگر نیز به همان اندازه تاثیر دارند. برای مثال: خازنهایی که به عنوان خازن راه انداز در موتورهای تکفاز استفاده می شوند: یا خازنهایی که در مدار اسنابر یکسو کننده استفاده می شوند؛ در معرض گرما و تنشهای ولتاژ مشابهی قرار خواهند گرفت.
اثر هارمونیک برروی ابزار الکترونیکی:
ابزار الکترونیکی قدرت به عمل اشتباه که با اعوجاج هارمونیک پدید میآید حساس است. این ابزار اغلب وابسته به تعیین دقیق سطح صفر ولتاژ یا جنبههای دیگر شکل موج ولتاژ است. اعوجاج هارمونیک میتواند به جابجایی سطح صفر ولتاژ یا نقطه ایکه یک ولتاژ فاز به فاز بزرگتر از ولتاژ فاز به فاز دیگر است؛ منجر شود. این دو نقاط بحرانی برای هر نوع مدار الکترونیکی هستند؛ و عمل اشتباه میتواند از این تغییرات نتیجه شود.
ابزار الکترونیکی دیگر می تواند بوسیله انتقال هارمونیکهای ناشی از منبع ac به ابزار قدرت یا کوپل مغناطیسی هارمونیکها با ترکیبات ابزار تاثیر پذیرد.
کامپیوترها و ابزار وابسته به آنها؛ نظیر کنترلکننده های فرکانس قابل برنامهریزی به منابع ac نیاز دارند که ضریب اعوجاج هارمونیک ولتاژ آن بیش از 5% نباشد و بزرگترین هارمونیک نباید بیش از 3% ولتاژ اصلی باشد. در این موارد گرفتن اطلاعات غلط یا اجرای نادرست برنامهها در کامپیوتر؛ غیرقابل پیشبینی است. هارمونیک ها همچنین در ابزار پزشکی حساس نیز تاثیر دارند.
در حالیکه بیشتر ابزار الکترونیکی، در سطح ولتاژ پایینتر با سیستم توزیع قدرت مجتمع بوجود آمدهاند، اما اغلب در معرض اثرات برش ولتاژ قرار دارد. برش ولتاژ اغلب فرکانسهایی را (هم هارمونیکی و هم غیر هارمونیکی) داخل می کند که معمولاً در ولتاژ بیش از 5 KV در سیستمهای توزیع ارائه می شوند. این فرکانسها ممکن است در محدوده فرکانسهای رادیویی باشند و با تداخل با فرکانسهای رادیویی مشکلاتی پدید آورند.
اثر هارمونیک برروی کنتور
کنتورها از اجزاء هارمونیک تاثیر میپذیرند؛ مخصوصاً اگر شرایط تشدید وجود داشته باشد که به هارمونیکهای ولتاژ و جریان بزرگ منجر می شود. وسایل اندازه گیری گردان نظیر وات – ساعت مترها؛ معمولاً فقط جریان اصلی را می بینند؛ اما فاز نامتعادل که به وسیله اعوجاج هارمونیکها پدید می آید؛ می تواند باعث عمل غلط این وسایل شود.
ابزار اندازه گیری ابتدا برروی جریان متناوب خالص سینوس کالیبره میشود و سپس روی یک منبع الکتریسیته دارای اعوجاج استفاده می شود که این اندازهگیری می تواند دارای اشتباهاتی باشد. دامنه و راستای هارمونیک توان برای ملاحظه بازده مهم هستند؛ زیرا اثر خطای سنجش بوسیله راستا معین می شود .
مطالعات نشان می دهند که خطاهای مربوط به هارمونیک، تغییرات زیادی دارند که این تغییرات با نوع کنتور و میزان خطاهای مثبت و منفی میسر است.
اصلیترین وسیله اندازه گیری انرژی موتور فراریس (که یک موتور دوفاز القایی قدیمی است)
از نوع اندازه گیری kwh (کیلووات ساعت) است. جزلاینفک این موتور، الکترومغناطیسی که با تولید شار محرک و ترمزی در برخورد با روتوش گشتاور آشکار میشود . شار فرعی تولید شده، به منظور بهبود دقت و جبران اصطکاک در رکورد (ثبت کننده) پیشبینی شده است. این شارهای تولید شده؛ باعث بوجود آمدن گشتاورهای اصلی و فرعی میشوند؛ که ذاتاً دارای دامنه و فرکانس غیرخطی هستند. عناصر غیرخطی شامل ولتاژ؛ جریان و اضافه بار مغناطیسی موازی و عناصر حساس به فرکانس شامل دیسکگردان؛ حلقههای مربعی و ضد اصطکاک هستند.
عکسالعمل این کنتور در برابر فرکانسهای خارج از محدوده طراحی؛ کم است و در نتیجه باعث اشتباهات بزرگ میشود.
کنتور اندازه Pdc را اندازهگیری نخواهد کرد؛ اما بوجود آن حساس است. این کنتور Pf را با دقت و Ph را بدون دقت اندازهگیری میکند و خطا بوسیله فرکانس تعیین میشود. کل توان هارمونیکی (PH) از جمع همه اجزا ولتاژ و جریان فرکانسهای مشابه؛ در بالا و پایین فرکانس اصلی به دست می آید.
هر توان dc تولید یا ذخیره شده بوسیله مشتری؛ باعث خطایی متناسب با نسبت با Pdc/Pt با علامت خطا در رابطه با راستای توان خواهد شد. به طور مشابه هر نقصی در اندازهگیری توان هارمونیک (PH) باعث خطا میشود که با عبارت
+-Kph/Ph نشان داده می شود که ضریب K بستگی به پاسخ فرکانسی کاراکترهای کنتور بستگی دارد، و علامت خطا بر خلاف راستای توان خواهد بود.
توان (Pdc)DC و هارمونیک ولتاژ یا جریان، به تنهایی تولید گشتاور نمیکنند، اما قابلیت کنتور برای اندازه گیری توان فرکانس اصلی تنزل پیدا خواهد کرد. جریان مستقیم، کار شار و نفوذ پذیری عناصر مغناطیسی را مغشوش می کند. شارهایی که با هارمونیکهای جریان تولید می شوند. با شارهای ساختگی همان فرکانس آمیخته می شوند که ممکن است به خاطر عیب در عناصر کنتور و گشتاور فرعی تولید باشد. کنتور کیلووات ساعت نرمال،بر اصول موتور فراریس (جریان دومی) پایهگذاری میشوند که عموماً برای خواندن دامنه بیش از چنددرصد به همراه هارمونیک تولیدی مصرف کننده که بواسطه ابزار کنترل سریع تریستور بوجود میآید (بخصوص اگر هم هارمونیکها و هم جریان مستقیم را در برداشته باشد) و بطور قابل ملاحظه ای اگر ضریب توان کوچکی وجود داشته باشد استفاده میشوند.
کانتورها باعث می شود که کنتور کیلووات ساعت، چند درصدی بیشتر خوانده شود(در مواردی بیش از 6% گزارش شده است.) که میزان آن به فقدان جریان میرایی در مدت بی باری نسبت داده می شود .
به نظر می رسد که برای مصرف کنندهای که در حال تولید هارمونیک برای شبکه است، خودبخود مجازاتهایی با مصرف بیشتر الکتریسیته (مقدار نشان داده شده بیشتری در کنتور) بطور آشکار در نظر گرفته می شود تا منبع بتواند تلفات اضافه را برای مصرف کننده جبران کند. به همین دلیل، کاهش تولید هارمونیک تا بیشترین حد ممکن به سود خود مصرف کننده است.
دلیلی وجود ندارد که خواندن میزان KVA از کنتورها از هارمونیکهای شبکه اثر بپذیرد. اما کار کنتورها در خواندن میزان KW امکان دارد چند درصد بیشتر از میزان واقعی خوانده شود. (همانطوریکه قبلا برای کنتور انرژی KWH نشان داده شد.)
وجود هارمونیک برای اندازهگیری میزان VAR یک مشکلی است، چون این یک کمیت است که نسبت به شکل موج سینوسی معین میشود. این اثر بندرت تاثیر گذار می شود اما با این وجود این اثر یک اهمیت دیگری دارد و آن اندازهگیری و کالیبراسیون آزمایشگاههاست که باعث کار با دقت و خطای اندازه گیری کمتر میشود و ممکن است اطمینان به نتایج آن از بین برود.
نکته دیگر، اثر هارمونیک بر ضریب قدرت است.
این ضریب؛ فرم صحیح مصرف توان را نشان میدهد و کمبودن مقدار آن بر میزان بهرهبرداری از منبع توان دلالت میکند.
عموماً وسایل با تلفات کمتر برای جبران ضریب توان استفاده می شود. همچنین مینیمم کردن توان ظاهری باید مستقیماً به مطلوبترین ضریب توان منجر شود. برای مثال؛ اگر یک خازن با ظرفیت C ؛ بطور موازی با بارهای با معادلات V,I که نشان داده شده؛ جمع شود. یک کمیته خطی بین المللی برای اصلاح ضریب قدرت یک جز توان ظاهری را تعیین کرد که توان راکتیو نامیده می شود؛
اگر چه هیچ مثال فیزیکی برای این عبارت یافت نمی شود ولی پذیرش آن اساساً با دو شرط درست است؛ که این دو شرط عبارتند از:
1) خاصیت حفظ این عبارت در سیستمهای خطی سینوسی.
2) امکان بدست آوردن توان ظاهری در یک سیستم غیرخطی با رابطه زیر:
کد P میانگین توان اکتیو و DO بیانکننده مجموع اجزا توان اعوجاجی است.
وظیفه خازن جبرانگر؛ بهبود ضریب انتقال است.
اثر هارمونیک بر تجهیزات کلیدزنی و رله ها:
همانند دیگر ابزار، هارمونیک های جریان میتوانند گرما و تلفات را در کلیدها افزایش دهند؛ درنتیجه آن؛ ظرفیت جریان حالت پایدار کاهش می یابد و عمر برخی اجزا عایقی کوتاه می شود .
فیوزها به خاطر گرمای تولید شده بوسیله هارمونیکها در طی عملکرد طبیعی لطمه می بینند. بطور متداول؛ استانداردهایی برای سطح هارمونیکهای جریان که وسایل سوئیچینگ نیاز به قطع کردن دارند؛ وجود ندارد. همه تستها در نرخ فرکانس منبع اجرا می شود.
کمیته رله سیستم قدرت درجامعه مهندسی قدرت IEEE یک گزارش را تحت عنوان (اعوجاجهای موج بر روی سیستمهای قدرت و تماس با رله محافظتی) منتشر کرده است.
این گزارش بیشتر انواع اعوجاج را که در سیستمهای قدرت پدید می آید را پوشش می دهد و در مورد برخوردشان با رله حفاظتی بحث می کند. گزارش روشن میسازد که تعیین واکنشهای رلهها بطور کامل؛ به دلیل تنوع رلهها در استفادهشان و تغییراتشان در ماهیت اعوجاجهایی که میتواند پدید آید. تقریباً غیرممکن است حتی اگر بحث به مشخصههای هارمونیکهای مشخص کانورتورهای شش پالس یا 12 پالس محدود شود؛ بازهم غیرممکن است. فقط دامنه هارمونیکها و دسته هارمونیکهای برجسته متنوع نیستند؛ بلکه زاویه های فاز نسبی هم متنوع هستند. دو شکل موج با دامنه هارمونیک یکسان؛ اگر هارمونیکهایشان دارای زاویههای فاز (نسبت به زاویه فاز اصلی) مختلفی باشند؛ می توانند اختلاف اساسی داشته باشند. یک رله می تواند واکنشهای مختلفی به هر سطح موج،حتی با هر شکل موج شامل هارمونیک های با دامنه مشابه داشته باشد. کمیته رله حالتهای زیر را بیان می کند:
رلههای حفاظتی عموماً به هرپارامترقابل شناسایی نظیر مقدار rms یک کمیت اصلی آن کمیت حساسیت نشان نمی دهد. با دقت درمی یابیم که عمل رله با یک سری ورودیهای تک فرکانسی؛ بر چگونگی واکنش رله ها در رابطه با یک موج اعوجاج دار شامل چند فرکانس دلالت نمی کند و انطباق این دو حالت مناسب نیست. در صورت وجود موج اعوجاج دار؛ عملکرد رله های با چند ورودی ممکن است غیر قابل پیش بینی تر از رلههای تک ورودی باشند.
واکنش رله ها تحت شرایط اعوجاجی ممکن است در میان رله های دارای فرکانس اصلی مشابه، نه تنها بین سازندههای مختلف رله ها؛ بلکه همچنین میان رله های گوناگون از یک سازنده مختلف باشد.
برخی اثرات رلهها به صورت زیر خلاصه می شود :
1) رله ها به عمل کندتر و به دست آوردن مقادیر بالاتر؛ همچنین به عمل تندتر و با بدست آوردن مقادیر پایینتر تمایل دارند.
2) رله های تحت فرکانس استاتیک قابلیت تغییرات اساسی در مشخصههای کاری را دارا هستند.
3) در بیشتر موارد؛ تغییرات در مشخصههای کاری رله ها در سلسله اعوجاج ملایم طی عمل نرمال (مثلاً ضریب هارمونیک 5%) نسبتاً کوچک هستند.
4) کارخانجات مختلف سازنده رله؛ رلههای اضافه جریان ولتاژ را در مشخصههای مختلفی ارائه می دهند.
5) بسته به میزان هارمونیکها؛ گشتاورهای کاری رله ها اغلب تغییر میکنند .
6) اهرم تعادل رله های امپدانس؛بسته به اعوجاج؛ افراط و تفریط را نشان می دهد.
7) هارمونیک ها اغلب باعث کند عمل کردن رله های دیفرانسیل می شود. برخی تستها ثابت می کند که در اثر هارمونیکها؛ رلهها ممکن است توقف کامل (خیلی کند عمل کردن) را ابراز دارد.
ضرایب اعوجاج بین 10-20%؛ باعث پدیدار شدن مشکلاتی در کار رله ها میشود. هارمونیکها؛ کاراکترهای (مشخصهها) عملکرد (مانند امپدانس؛ زمان اضافه جریان و غیره) رلهها را مخدوش کنند.
رلههای دیجیتالی و الگوریتمی که روی نمونهگیری اطلاعات یا صفر کردن سطح ولتاژ اعمال می کنند؛ در هنگام وجود هارمونیکها؛ بطور خاص؛ آماده ایجاد خطا برروی رلهها هستند.
این نکته حائز اهمیت است که؛ مسائلی که در زمان عادی و هنگام وقوع خطا رخ میدهند، خیلی متفاوت است؛ به همین دلیل این دو حالت را بطور مجزا تعیین میکنیم.
مشکلات ناشی از وجود هارمونیک در زمان وجود خطا :
توابع حفاظتی معمولاً در مدت وجود ولتاژ و جریان اصلی ظاهر می شوند و هارمونیکهای موجود در شکل موج خطا فیلتر و یا چشمپوشی میشوند. این اصل به خصوص در کاربرد رله الکترومغناطیس و علیالخصوص در رله اضافه جریان صحیح است.
رلههای الکترومکانیکی، لختی (اینرسی) قابل توجهی دارند که این لختی اغلب باعث این میشود که این نوع رلهها حساسیت کمتری نسبت به هارمونیکهای بالاتر داشته باشند. مساله مهمتر؛ اثر فرکانس های هارمونیکی بر اندازه گیری امپدانس است. راه های دیستانس بر روی امپدانس اصلی (امپدانس با فرکانس اصلی) خطوط انتقال پایهریزی میشوند و وجود جریان هارمونیکی (بخصوص هارمونیک سوم جریان) باعث اندازهگیری قابل توجه خطا میشود. دامنه هارمونیکهای بالاتر پیشپا افتاده است و اگر جریان خطا در مقاومت زمین بزرگ ریخته شود ؛ امکان اشتباه عمل کردن رله خیلی پایین میآید و فقط شکل موج اصلی در عملکرد رله تاثیرگذار می شود.
در حالت خطای سخت؛ جز اصلی جریان و ولتاژ؛ برجسته هستند (باوجود عدم تقارن dc در موج خطا) ؛ اما به دلیل اشباع جریان ترانسفورماتور؛ اعوجاج در شکل موج جریان القا شده به ثانویه ؛ بخصوص به خاطر افست بزرگ dc در شکل موج اولیه؛ بوجود می آید. وجود هارمونیکها در ثانویه در چنین مواردی واقعاً مشکل درست میکند؛ به این معنی که؛ هر گاه جریان ترانسفورماتور اشباع شود ؛ بدست آوردن دوباره شکل موج اصلی خیلی مشکل است.
هرگاه طی حالت پایدارe.m.f بالایی در ثانویه وجود داشته باشد؛ امپدانس موجود در جریان غیر خطی ترانسفورماتور؛ فقط باعث اعوجاج ناجور هارمونیک میشود. خوشبختانه ؛ اینها همگی مشکلات طراحی هستند. انتخاب صحیح ابزار در رابطه با نیاز سیستم؛ می تواند خیلی از مشکلات را در ترانسفورماتور حل کند.
فیلتر شکل موج ولتاژ و جریان ؛ بخصوص در سیستمهای دیجیتالی حفاظت دارای اهمیت خاص به خصوص در مورد قرار دادن حفاظت برای پروژه های در فواصل دور است. نوشته های زیادی وجود دارد که در آنها سعی شده است تکنیک ساخت برخی فیلترهای دیجیتال ارائه شود. ولی روشن است که اگرچه این ابزار همیشه ساده نیستند اما بهبود اطلاعات پایه با استفاده از تکنیک دیجیتال راحتتر است.
مشکلات ناشی از وجود هارمونیک در خارج از شرایط خطا :
عدم حساسیت موثر دستگاه حفاظتی بر شرایط بار نرمال سیستم؛ دلالت می کند بر این نکته که آیا مقدار هارمونیک در موج سیستم قدرت؛ در شرایط غیر خطا مسئلهای ایجاد می کند یا نه؟
در عمل؛ با وجود هارمونیک بزرگ در داخل جریان؛ بوسیله حفاظت ترانسفورماتور در تحمل بیش از حد پیک ولتاژ در هنگام انرژی شدن مدار؛ مانع از تریپ بریکر مدار ولتاژ بالا می شود.
دامنه واقعی پیک جریان؛ به اندوکتانس فاصله هوایی هسته ترانسفورماتور و مقاومت سیم پیچ بعلاوه نقطه ای از موج ولتاژ که در آن نقطه کلیدزنی رخ می دهد بستگی دارد.همچنین شار پسماندی که در هسته و به هنگام کلید زنی بوجود میآید مشکلات را زیاد می کند و دامنه جریان را اندکی کاهش می دهد که این به پلاریته شار نسبت به پلاریته ولتاژاولیه بستگی دارد.
در آن هنگام که جریان ثانویه در موقع انرژی دار کردن صفر است؛ جریان شدیدی به طرف داخل جاری می شود که به ناچار باعث حفاظت دیفرانسیلی زمانی است؛ اما این میتواند زمانی که یک خطا در انرژیدار کردن ترانسفورماتور وجود داشته باشد؛ منجر به آسیب جدی به ترانسفورماتور شود.
در عمل؛ اجزا هارمونیک دوم موجود در جریان باعث متوقف کردن حفاظت میشود؛ که حفاظت (رله) خاموش میشود و موقعی که یک خطای داخلی در موقع انرژی دار شدن رخ دهد؛ فعال می شود.
توصیه های عمومی عملی برای واحدهای تولید کننده انرژی الکتریکی
فاکتورهایی که کیفیت سرویس الکتریکی را تعیین می کند ؛ شامل اعوجاج هارمونیک بعلاوه دوام سرویس ؛ تنظیم ولتاژ ؛ لغزش و ایمنی سرویس هستند .
اگر اعوجاج ولتاژ از محدودیتهای توصیه شده تجاوز کند ؛ گامهای زیر برداشته میشود :
1) اندازه گیری هارمونیکها در نقاط انتخاب شده ای در مدار مثلاً در نقطه کوپل مشترک (PCC) و دنبال کردن محدودیتهای اعوجاج جریان در مصرفکنندهها که بوسیله کانورترها ایجاد میشود. اگر میزان اعوجاج تعیین شود؛ از چنین مصرف کننده هایی خواسته میشود که با نصب فیلترهایی با کاهش هارمونیک تولیدی یا از راههای دیگر؛ اعوجاج هارمونیک را در محدوده توصیه شده نگهدارند.
2) نصب فیلترهایی برای کنترل هارمونیکی بر روی سیستم .
3) بکارگیری یک فیدر جدید . این مورد در پوشاندن مشکلات هارمونیکی مؤثر است اما همیشه از نظر اقتصادی میسر نیست.
باید توجه شود که ممکن است هماکنون با اضافهکردن کانورتر جدید به مدار؛ مدار به هارمونیکهایی آلوده شود که باید برای اینکه از محدوده های مجاز تجاوز نکنند فیلترهایی طراحی و نصب کرد برخی شرایط غیر معمولی شناخته شده که باعث بوجود آمدن مشکلات هارمونیکی میشود؛ در اینجا شرح داده شده است. این شرایط عبارتند از : رزنانس طبیعی در خط انتقال؛ تحریک اضافی ترانسفورماتورها و رزنانس هارمونیک در مدار ترتیبی صفر.
هر خط انتقال تعداد زیادی فرکانسهای تشدید طبیعی دارد که با طول خط شرایط جغرافیایی خط و ترمینال آن تعیین میشود. امپدانس ورودی یک خط انتقال میتواند نزدیک به صفر و مقاومتی (در رزنانس سری) یا خیلی بزرگ (در رزنانس موازی) در فرکانسهای طبیعی تشدید باشد. اگر فرکانس رزنانس سری به یکی از هارمونیکهای مهم تولیدی توسط کانورترها نزدیک باشد ؛ خطر تداخل شدید تلفنی بوجود می آید . این مشکل را می توان با تغییر فرکانس طبیعی خط انتقال (یا تغییر در ترمینال خط یا طول خط) یا با محافظت خط در برابر هارمونیک جریان جاری شده به خط (توسط یک فیلتر سری یا فیلتر شنت یا هر دو نوع فیلتر) تصحیح کرد؛ اما بدبختانه این راه حلها اکثراً گران هستند .
بواسطه هسته ترانسفورماتور؛ تحریک اضافی ترانسفورماتورها؛ هارمونیکهای فرد تولید میکند. تمایلی وجود دارد که مدارهای ولتاژ بالا با ولتاژی کار کنند که بزرگتر از ولتاژ نامی است که این ولتاژ با سوئیچ کردن بانکهای خازنی خیلی جلوتر از افزایش بار آنها افزایش مییابد .
این روش توانایی ولتاژ و میزان جریان مورد تقاضا برای جاری شدن را بیمه میکند ؛ اما می تواند باعث پدید آمدن مشکلات هارمونیکی شود .
رزنانس هارمونیک در مدار با توالی صفر تحت شرایط زیر پدید می آید :
1) نقطه نول ژنراتور بوسیله کابل زمین شده باشد .
2) ژنراتورها مستقیماً یا بواسطه ترانسفورماتورها به فیدرهایی در پهلوی ژنراتور که بوسیله راکتورهای طبیعی زمینی شده اند ؛ متصل باشد .
3) خازنهای اصلاح ضریب قدرت در امتداد فیدر بکار برده شوند .
این شرایط ممکن است در یک سیستم ایزوله شده کوچک رضایت بخش باشد . ولتاژ ژنراتور همیشه هارمونیکهای ولتاژ با توالی صفر را در بر می گیرد و این هارمونیکهای ولتاژ عمل می کنند . این منابع هارمونیک ولتاژ به یک ترکیب سری از راکتانسهای القایی (راکتانس ژنراتور ؛ ر
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BHW
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it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having 1 or
2 images. Maybe you could space it out better?
BHW
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
Today, I went to the beachfront with my kids. I found a sea shell and gave it to my
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There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her
ear. She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is
entirely off topic but I had to tell someone!
manicure
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you knew of any widgets I could add to
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manicure
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manicure
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manicure
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Talk soon!
manicure